Irga, kapena mabulosi a June

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti timasamalira mbewu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chokhazikika, kuzisamalira, komanso mosadzikuza - osayang'anitsitsa, ngakhale pang'ono chabe. Irga ndi chikhalidwe chotere. Tchire la irgi nthawi zambiri limabzalidwa kwinakwake pamphepete mwa malowo, pakona yomwe sinalinso yoyenera.

Pakalipano, ichi ndi chomera chapadera, ndipo m'maiko ambiri chimakula ngati chomera chokongoletsera. Ngati mutayang'anitsitsa bwino pa mbewuyi, ndiye kuti iyi ndi yotupa May, maluwa aka njuchi amagwira ntchito kutchire, kufananizira ndi maluwa akuthengo; m'dzinja, imawoneka bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha masamba ake owoneka ofiira, achikasu. Irga amakopa mbalame kumunda, ana ake amamukonda - sangathe kukokedwa ku thengo lotetezedwa ndi zipatso zokongola za imvi.

Irga ndi waku Asia. © KENPEI

Kufotokozera kwa Irgi

Irgi ali ndi mayina ambiri. A Britain amatcha kuti shadbush (shrub), juneberry (mabulosi a June), serviceberry (mabulosi athanzi). Limodzi mwa mayina - mtengo wa currant (sinamoni) - limagwirizana ndi Russian. Imaperekedwa chifukwa chofanana ndi zipatso ndi mphesa zakuda zakuda za ku Mediterranean. Ku Russia, amakonda kunena kuti: mabulosi avinyo, mabulosi amwana. Ku North America, amadziwika kuti saskatoon. Dzina lake la Provençal amelanche amachokera ku amelar, zomwe zimatanthawuza "kubweretsa uchi".

Genus Irga (Amelanchier) ndi wa banja la Rosaceae (Rosaceae) ndipo akuphatikiza pafupifupi mitundu 18 (malinga ndi zina, mpaka 25), yambiri yomwe imamera ku North America konse. Amamva bwino m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, m'madambo, pamiyala yamiyala, ikukwera mpaka 1900 m, ndipo ngakhale m'malo a tundra.

Ku Russia Irga ndi wozungulira mozungulira (Amelanchier rotundifolia), yomwe idabwera kwa ife kuchokera ku Crimea ndi Caucasus. Komanso m'dziko lathu pafupifupi mitundu khumi yalowetsedwa mchikhalidwe, kuphatikiza Irga spiky (Amelanchier spicata), Canada irga (Amelanchier canadensis), irga-ofiira wamagazi (Amelanchier sanguinea) Nthawi zambiri "amathawa" kumalo omwe amakhala ndikuthawa. Mbalame "zimathandizira" kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe, kotero igra imatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'nthaka.

Mmodzi amangoyenera kumubzala - azidzisamalira. Samuopa chilala ndi mphepo, dothi lililonse labwino, ndikangokhala chete, ndiwotentha kwambiri. Kafotokozedwe ka kupulumuka kotereku ndikosavuta: mizu ya irigi imalowa ndikuzama mamita awiri ndikufalikira mkati mwa radius awiri - awiri ndi theka. Chifukwa chake, limalekerera kumeta, kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, sikuvutika ndi tizirombo ndi matenda, kukula msanga, komanso kuleketsa kumeta.

Ubwino wina ndi kulimba. Tchire limakhala ndi zaka 60-70, ndipo mitengo ikuluikulu (inde, mitengo ikuluikulu - mbewu zosatha imatha kuwoneka ngati mitengo yeniyeni mpaka 8 m kutalika ndikukhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu 20-25) - mpaka zaka 20. Pomaliza, irga ndi mbewu yabwino kwambiri ya uchi.

Koma mu mbiya iyi ya uchi, mudalinso ntchentche m'mafuta: a irgi (makamaka ma iridescent spiky Amelanchier spicata) anali ndi mizu yambiri, amayenera kumenya nkhondo nayo nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, simuyenera kubzala chitsambachi pafupi ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto: mawanga ochokera ku zipatso zong'ambika angawononge mawonekedwe agalimoto yopepuka. Mwa njira, ngati agwera panjira yopangidwa ndi mwala wopepuka, nawonso adzavutika.

Waku Irga waku Canada. © KENPEI

Migwirizano yokula Irgi

Zofunikira: Irga - chikhalidwe chosasinthika kukula, nyengo yozizira (imalekerera chisanu mpaka -40-50 ° C). Mtunda wa irgi sukhala ndi gawo lapadera, ngakhale kukula kwabwino kwambiri komanso zipatso zambiri kumatha kupezeka kokha pamiyala yolimba komanso mchenga wa loamy sod-podzolic wonyowa wokwanira. Irga, monga chitsamba chilichonse cha mabulosi, imakonda madera opepuka, koma sakonda kuwala kotentha kwamadzulo.

Irga ndimtchire wololera mthunzi ndi chilala. Itha kubzalidwe palokha pa dothi, koma imakula bwino panthaka yachonde yopanda "chilengedwe".

Tikufika: Njira yodzala irgi siyisiyana ndi kubzala masamba ena a mabulosi. Njira yodzalirira kukonzekera dothi ndi chimodzimodzi kwa currants ndi jamu. Amabzalidwa ndi sapota wazaka 1-2 mchaka kapena yophukira 5-8 cm mozama kuposa momwe anakulira mu nazale, kuti azitha kukulira mizu yolimba. Nthawi zonse chiwembu cha irgi 4-5 x 2-3 m.

Imabzalidwe nthawi zambiri ndi maudzu mu njira yoyendera, ndi mtunda pakati pa mbewu m'mizere kuchokera pa 0,5 mpaka 1.8 m. Kubzala kumachitika mu mizere yakuya.

Pazokha, ndikwanira kubzala mbewu 1-2, ndikugawana pansi pa 16 m2 panthaka zachonde komanso mpaka 6m m2 pam loya wamchenga wosauka. Mbande za Irgi zimayikidwa mu maenje obzala ndi mulifupi wa 50-80 ndi kuya kwa 30-30 cm. Mutabzala, mbewuzo zimathiriridwa (8-10 l lamadzi pa dzenje lililonse) kusiya pamwamba pa dothi 4-5 impso zopangidwa bwino.

Irga ndi wozungulira mozungulira

Chisamaliro cha Irga

Irga bwino imazika mizu, sizitanthauza kuti uchoke. Ndikathirira okwanira, zokolola zimachuluka kwambiri. Kupangitsa chitsamba kukhala champhamvu, kudula mitengo ikuluikulu, kuchotsa nthambi zazitali kwambiri, kufooka, kudwala komanso kuthyoka.

Mitundu daisies amafalitsidwa ndi mbewu. Zofesedwa m'makonzedwe okonzeka, osanjidwa bwino, othiriridwa madzi ambiri. Mfuti nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kugwa, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwamasika. Pakatha chaka chimodzi, mutha kupeza azaka chimodzi zoyenera kubzala m'malo okhazikika.

Zosiyanasiyana Jirgi amafalitsidwa ndikumalumikiza ndi kumezanitsa. Monga katundu, mbande za wazaka ziwiri wazaka ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Katemera amachitidwa kutalika pafupifupi 10-15 masentimita nthawi yamasika. Ngati mukufuna kupeza fomu yokhazikika, ndiye kuti katemera amachitika kutalika kwa 75-80 cm.

Irga amabala zipatso, ngakhale pakangobzala chitsamba chimodzi chokha m'mundamo. Zokolola zimapereka pachaka. Zipatso zimakololedwa kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pakati pa Julayi, nthawi zambiri m'magawo angapo, chifukwa sizipsa nthawi imodzi. Mwa njira, chipatso cha mabulosi abulosi amakonda kwambiri mbalame, zomwe, mwambiri, sizosadabwitsa - zimakhala zotsekemera, khungu lokhazikika, lokonda pang'ono sinamoni, limafanana ndi ma buleberries kuti azilawa.

Kukucha mabulosi. © Mariluna

Kudulira

Ndikwabwino kupangira njoka yamtchire yamiyeso yambiri kuchokera kuminga yolimba. Mphukira zofowoka udulidwa kwathunthu.

M'zaka zitatu zoyambirira mutabzala, irgi amasiya mphukira zamphamvu zonse za zero, ndipo zaka zotsatira - mphukira 2-3. Chitsamba chopangidwachi chimayenera kukhala ndi nthambi za zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Kudulira kotsatira kumakhala ndikuchotsa mizu yochulukirapo, ofooka, odwala, osweka, ndi nthambi zachikale, ndikuziika m'malo oyenera ndi mizu yolimba. Ndi kuwonongeka pakukula kwa nthambi 1 nthawi yazaka 3-4, kudulira kotsutsana ndi ukalamba kumachitika pa nkhuni za zaka 2-4. Posamalira chisamaliro ndi kukolola, kutalika kumachepetsedwa ndi kubzala.

Mukadulira tchire, mphukira yopitilira muyeso imachotsedwa, kusiya chaka chilichonse osapitilira 2-3 kuphatikizanso chitsamba, kwathunthu kuyenera kukhala mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo m'tchire. Kutalika kwa mbewu kumakhala kochepa kudulira pamlingo wa 2-2,5 M; kudulira kwa kukalamba kwa nthawi ndi nthawi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse. Irga amakula bwino atadulira ndikudziyimira pawokha pomera ndi mizu ya ana.

Kututa

Zipatso za irgi zimacha nthawi yomweyo pa burashi, ndizosatheka kukolola, koma zimapatsa utoto wina: kuyambira zipatso zazikulu kwambiri pamunsi pa inflorescence-burashi, pang'onopang'ono amasintha mtundu wawo kukhala wofiirira mpaka wofiirira. Kututa kumachitika m'magawo angapo pomwe zipatso zimacha. Zipatso zatsopano zochotseredwa zitha kusungidwa kwa masiku 2-3 firiji. Ikasungidwa mufiriji pa 0 ° C, nthawi imeneyi imachulukirachulukira. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu kumachitika chifukwa cha mbalame, makamaka mapiri okhala ngati mapiri. Mbalame zimayamba kudya zipatso kale zisanakhwime.

Zothandiza ndikugwiritsa ntchito iraghi

Kupanga: Zipatso za Irgi zimakhala ndi shuga (makamaka glucose ndi fructose), ochepa acidic acid. Panthawi yakucha, zipatso zimadziunjikira vitamini C. Mulinso mavitamini A, B, B2, carotene, tannins, mchere wamchere, kufufuza zinthu - mkuwa, chitsulo, cobalt, ayodini, manganese. Tartness ndi astringency amapatsa zipatso tannins. Kukoma kwa zipatso kumakhala acidic pang'ono, chifukwa ali ndi ma acid ochepa, ndipo pafupifupi theka la mankhwalawa amapezeka ndi malic.

Vinyo wopanga, kupanikizana, kupanikizana, marshmallow, compote, jelly, zipatso zotsekemera zimapangidwa kuchokera ku jirgi. Zipatso zimatha kukhala zouma, zouma, zamzitini. Madzi amapezeka bwino patatha sabata limodzi atatola zipatsozo.

Zipatso zamitundu yonse ya mabulosi zimadyedwa zosaphika ndi zouma, m'malo mwa zoumba. Kupanikizana, mafuta onunkhira, marshmallow, zakudya zonunkhira bwino komanso zotsekemera kwambiri komanso zofiirira zofiira zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku zipatso zakupsa. Mu ma compotes ndi ma jamu, irgu amagwiritsidwa ntchito osakanikirana ndi zipatso zina ndi zipatso. Madzi ochokera ku zipatso zatsopano amakhala osafinira, koma atatha masiku 7-10, mpaka 70% ya madziwo akhoza kutsanulidwa mwa iwo.

Chifukwa cha zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zili m'chipatso, bergha imatha kuchiritsa. Madzi amaletsa magazi kuwundana. Zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa zilonda zam'mimba, monga malo othandizira komanso ngati anti-yotupa pakamwa; Ndi njira yothetsera matenda a chingamu, matenda ammaso, othandiza pakhungu la m'matumbo (monga anti-yotupa wothandizira).

Mitundu ya Irgi

Irga amakongoletsa malo opangira zinyumba, minda, minda ndi mabwalo ku America ndi Europe, ku Asia Minor ndi North Africa. Irga lero ndiwodziwika kwambiri ndipo amalimidwa m'minda yanyumba ndi m'minda yamalonda. Kwazaka 60 zapitazi, Canada yakhala likulu la ntchito yobzala, komwe mitundu idapezeka: Altaglow ndi zipatso zoyera, Forestburg yayikulu-zipatso, Pembina wonunkhira, Smokey wokhala ndi zipatso zoyera. Zozizira-zolimba komanso zotsekemera zimatsimikizira kukhala zabwino: 'Moonlake', 'Nelson', 'Stardzhion', 'Slate', 'Regent', 'Honwood'. Koma tili ndi mitundu yonseyi ndizosowa.

Pogula shrimp, tiyenera kudzipereka tokha kusankha mitundu. Nawa ena mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zolimbikitsa, mabulosi komanso chikhalidwe chokongoletsera:

Alga alder (Amelanchier alnifolia) - shrub ya masamba ambiri mpaka 4 m kutalika ndi khungwa losalala lakuda. Masamba ndi elliptical, pafupifupi wozungulira, mu kugwa utoto wowala chikasu. Maluwa ndi oyera, ndi fungo labwino. Zipatso zake ndi zofiirira, zokhala ndi mainchesi mpaka 15 mm ndi unyinji wa mpaka 1.5 g, wokoma kwambiri. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, chomera chamyaka 7-8 chitha kubereka mpaka 10 kg wa zipatso.

Waku Irga waku Canada (Amelanchier canadensis- - wamtali wamtali (mpaka 8 m) wokhala ndi nthambi zoonda. Masamba ang'ono ndi apinki, ofiirira kapena amkuwa, mu nthawi yakuda kapena ofiira. Maluwa ndi akulu, mu inflorescence lotayirira mpaka 8-10 mm m'mimba mwake. Zipatsozi ndi zotsekemera, zamkati zamtundu wakuda, zolemera mpaka 1 g. Zotuta zazikulu ndi 6 kg pa chitsamba chilichonse.

Magazi a Irga afiira(Amelanchier sanguinea) - chitsamba chofewa mpaka 3 m kukwera ndi korona wokwera. Masamba ndi oval-oblong, kutalika kwa 5.5 cm. Mtundu wobiriwira wamasamba amasintha kukhala lalanje nthawi yophukira. Maluwa ndi akulu, ndi miyala yayitali. Zipatso mpaka 0,7 g, zotsekemera, zokoma, zakuda - pafupifupi zakuda. Kukolola mpaka 5 makilogalamu pa chomera chilichonse.

Kuyambira ma hegi okongola a Irgi amalandiridwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati solitaire ndi m'malire a m'malire. Nyimbo zosangalatsa zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya iergi. Pazokongoletsera zokongoletsa, Canada irga, spikelet, ndi Lamarck irga (Amelanchier lamarckii) komanso yosalala (Amelanchier laevis).