Kusamalira belu tsabola m'dziko komanso m'munda ndi njira yomwe anthu amakonda kwambiri kulima. Ngati mungasankhe mitundu yoyenera, mukukula mbande zathanzi ndikuusamalira mosamala, ndiye tchire zamitundu yambiri m'munda ndizothokoza mbuye wawo.
Kukula kachulukidwe kachulukidwe kakale m'munda sikophweka monga zikuwonekera poyamba. Vuto lalikulu lomwe olima m'munda akukumana nalo polima masamba awa ndi kuwawa kwa chipatso. Zimakhala zochititsa manyazi mukasokoneza mbande, kubzala madzi pafupipafupi ndikudyetsa chomera, kuteteza ku tizirombo ndi matenda, ndipo pamapeto pake mumapeza zipatso zokongola, zowoneka bwino, koma zosaoneka bwino. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo mwa zoyembekezeredwa zosiyanasiyana, chitsa chophukacho chimamera pach chitsamba.
Mungathane bwanji ndi izi? Chosavuta kwambiri: gulani mbewu za tsabola kuchokera ku kampani ndi malingaliro abwino ndikukula mbande nokha.
Mbande za tsabola wa belu pawindo
Mbewu zapamwamba za tsabola waku Bulgaria - chinsinsi cha kukolola kwakukulu mtsogolo. Kuti chikhale chathanzi komanso cholimba, muyenera kusamalira mbewu zabwino. Ndikofunika kuzigula m'masitolo apadera kapena patsamba laopanga. Simuyenera kugula mbeu mwakulemera, ndibwino kuti mutenge zikwama zochepa zamitundu yomwe mumakonda yomwe ndi yoyenera kukula m'dera lanu. Ndikofunikira kuti phukusi lisindikizidwe ndipo limapereka chidziwitso chokwanira cha wopanga, kuchuluka kwa mbeu, kuchuluka kwake ndi tsiku lake.
Mbeu zapanthawi yake komanso moyenera zimapatsa mbande yabwino komanso yolimba. Kuti mbande ikondweretse omwe akukhala nawo, ndikofunikira kukumbukira malamulo angapo:
- Nthawi yabwino yofesa kumayambiriro kwa February. Mbewu za tsabola zimatha kukhazikika bwino zisanabzalidwe poyera ndikumanga mizu yamphamvu.
- Pamaso kufesa mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti muwakhazikitse mu njira yayikulu ya potaziyamu permanganate, zilowerereni kwa mphindi 15, muzimutsuka pansi pamadzi ndikuwathandiza ndi chopatsa mphamvu kwa maola 12.
- Mankhwala atathandizira, ndizoyenera kuyika mbewu pansalu yonyowa ndi kuyikamo mini.
- Pambuyo potupa, mbewu zapamwamba zoyenera kubzala zimawonekera bwino.
- Kubzala kuyenera kuchitidwa m'nthaka yosabala. Osadalira dothi logulidwa. Ikhoza kupatsidwanso kachilombo ka bacteria. Gawo labwino kwambiri la dothi lodzala belu ndi chisakanizo cha peat, dothi la m'munda ndi mchenga 1: 1. Kusakaniza kwapansi ndikofunikiranso kuthira yankho lamphamvu la potaziyamu permanganate.
- Kubzala kumachitika mu dothi lonyowa yaying'ono kuposa mizere 1.5. Dothi limapangidwa ndi spatula kapena kanjedza. Chotengera chija chimayikidwa mu mini-wowonjezera kutentha kapena wokutidwa ndi filimu.
- Pepper imakhala yotentha kwambiri ndipo kumera mbewu zimafunikira kutentha kwakukulu ndi chinyezi. Mpaka pansi mu thanki mukatentha mpaka madigiri 25, mbande sizimawoneka. Ndikofunika kudziwa ngati mbewu zotupa zibzalidwe, zomwe zimatsika pang'ono zimatha kuvunda m'nthaka. Ngati kutentha kumakhala kotsika, ndiye kuti mphukira yoyamba imatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali kapena osadikirira nkomwe.
- Pakaphuka mphukira zoyambirira, malo obiriwira amayenera kudzutsidwa tsiku lililonse kwa theka la ora ndipo kutentha kumatsitsidwa mpaka madigiri +22 kuti mbewu zisatalike. Kuthirira mbande nthawi imeneyi osavomerezeka. Ndikwabwino kuwapaka ndi siponji yamadzi ofunda. Njira zamadzi zitha kuchitika m'masiku amitambo, kapena kuchotsa chidebe ndi mbande pakuwala, kuti tisawotche mphukira zanthete.
- Pamatenthedwe pansi pa +20 madigiri, mbande zimasiya kukula. Pakakhala mitambo, mbewu ziyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa nyali.
- Pambuyo kuwonekera tsamba lachiwiri lenileni, mutha kuyamba kusankha. Zomera zimathiridwa madzi ambiri maola awiri asanachitike. Njira imeneyi imachepetsa kuvutika pamizu. Njira yoyenera ndikusinthira mtanda pang'ono wa dziko lapansi. Mbeu zotere zimamera mwachangu ndikuyamba kukula. Ngati chomera chili ndi mizu yayitali, ndiye kuti ndibwino kufupikitsa, koma gawo lokhalo lomwe silaphimbidwa ndi dothi. Pambuyo pa kusankha. Mbande zimamwetsedwa m'mbuyomu pasanathe masiku asanu.
Chisamaliro cha Pep Pepper
Njira zokulira tsabola belu poyera siyinso yofunikira kuposa kugwira ntchito ndi mbande. Mukamamuchitira zabwino, ndiye kuti kugwa, tinthu tating'ono timakondweretsa mbewu ya mitundu yambiri. Chisamaliro cha tsabola chimaphatikizapo kuthirira nthawi zonse, kudula, kumasula dothi, kuvala pamwamba ndikusankha zipatso kufikira pomwe zakupsa. Tsabola wabzidwa malinga ndi pulani wa masentimita 40 ndi 40 cm.Mabowo olimba amakumbidwa ndi chikhalidwe chamtengowu ndipo umakhala ndi phindu pa kukula kwake.
Pepper sikuti chomera cha thermophilic chokha, komanso chakumwa chachikulu. Thirirani mbewuyo kuti ikhale madzi ofunda madzulo. M'masiku otentha, kuthirira tsiku ndi tsiku sikungakhale kopusa.
Kamodzi pa sabata, mutatha kuthirira, mbewu zimapatsidwa manyowa. Zinthu zofunikira sizitha kuyambiranso kamodzi pa milungu iwiri iliyonse.
Kukula tsabola wokoma wa belu pamalo obisalamo sikusiyana ndikulima mumsewu. Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndikuti mitundu yayitali yomwe imafunikira garter kapena thandizo ndi yoyenera kwa greenhouse. Mu wowonjezera kutentha, tsabola umakhala bwino, chifukwa umakonda kutentha ndi chinyezi.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya tsabola
Masiku ano ndizovuta kudziwa mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya tsabola wa belu pakati pa gawo lalikulu lomwe limaperekedwa kwa olima m'minda ndi opanga akunja.
Mwa mitundu yomwe yayesedwa kwa nthawi yayitali iyenera kudziwika:
- California Chozizwitsa,
- "Mphatso ya Moldova",
- "Chozizwitsa cha Orange."
Mitundu iyi imamva bwino kwambiri panja komanso m'malo okhala mafilimu.
Mwa mitundu yamakono, adziwonetsa okha:
- Chardash
- "Shorokshary" (yasintha mozizwitsa California),
- Ngala
- Triton
- Lilime Marinkin
- Aivengo,
- Mafuta Baron
- "Boot Wachitaliyana".
Tsabola wofiyira wofiira pakubwezeretsa kwamakono walandila achibale ambiri omwe amatha kudzitamandira chikasu, lalanje, chakuda, choyera, chofiirira ndipo chingathandize kupanga zokongoletsa zokongola m'mundamo.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta belu
Matenda wamba a mbande za tsabola wa belu ndi mwendo wakuda. Imawoneka ndimalo otakata komanso osagwirizana ndiukadaulo waulimi:
- kuchulukana kwanyengo;
- kusowa kwa kupumira kwamasiku onse;
- kutentha kwapansi.
Mukadwala mwendo wakuda, 80% ya mbande zimafa, choncho ndibwino kutsatira malamulo a kupewa matenda:
- gwiritsani ntchito mbewu musanadzalemo mu njira ya potaziyamu permanganate;
- kuwononga mbande zovuta;
- mankhwala a nthaka.
Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, nthaka imathiriridwa ndi yankho la mkuwa wamkuwa (3%).
Vertex rot imakhudza tchire tating'ono lomwe limasowa calcium. Cholinga chake chimatha kukhala zochulukirapo za nayitrogeni m'nthaka, kuthilira mosasinthika, kusintha kwadzidzidzi mumwazimu. Matendawa amadziwoneka ngati malo amadzi pazipatso, zomwe zimawuma patatha masiku angapo. Matenda atha kugonjetsedwa mwachangu komanso moyenera. Ndikofunika kupopera mbewu kapena kuwaza tchire la tsabola ndi calcium nitrate kapena calcium chloride, popeza mbewuzo zimabwerera mwachangu kwazinthu zonse ndikupitiliza kukula. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, pamafunika kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka komanso kuthirira.
Zomera zikafota, masamba amasanduka achikasu ndi kupindika, izi ndi zinthu zotsimikizika za Fusarium kufota. Mukapanda kuchitapo kanthu, ndiye kuti masiku ochepa chitsamba chidzafa. Pachimake matendawa amagwera panthawi ya zipatso. Palibe njira zochizira matendawa. Njira yokhayo yochotsera ndikuchotsa chomera chodwala ndikuchiwononga. Popewa matendawa kuti asayendere mabedi azamasamba, ayenera kutsukidwa ndi namsongole ndikumasulira dothi nthawi zonse.
Septoria amawonekera mwanjira yamawonekedwe oyera pamasamba a chomera ndipo amatha kuwononga theka la mbewuyo m'masiku ochepa. "Trichodermin", "Fitosporin" athandizira kuthana ndi vutoli.
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri la tsabola wa belu ndi mbewa. Mutha kuthana ndi izi kokha mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala. Ma biological othandizira amakhala othandiza pokhapokha ngati mbewu zake zakula kunja.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta tsabola wa belu titha kuthana ndi vuto lanu ngati mumatsatira malamulo a mbewu zomwe zikukula ndikuwona zamera zobiriwira. Kuwona tsiku ndi tsiku kumathandizira kuzindikira vutoli ndikuchichotsa. Koma kulima belu mdziko muno? Nzika zakumizinda sizikhala ndi mwayi woti nthawi zambiri ziziyenda m'mabedi kuti mbeu zisatayike kwambiri, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zodzitetezera poyambira kufesa mbewu. Ndibwino kuti muthe kukulitsa tsabola pansi pa chikuto cha kanema. Izi zikuthandizira kupewa mavuto ambiri panthawi yomwe kulibe maganyu komanso kuteteza mbewu ku matalala, kuwala kwa dzuwa, hypothermia ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
Ndibwino liti kufesa tsabola kwa mbande? - werengani mu nkhani yathu!
