Zodabwitsa

Khalani chete chete nkhalamba yakale ya paini. Maini apamwamba amapatsidwa korona pafupifupi kumwamba konse ndi korona wobiriwira. Nthawi zina imaphwanya phokoso ngati phokoso lakutali la mafunde, ndiye ngakhale lakuthwa, komanso lonyamula. Mitengo yamipini yakale, yoponyedwa ndi golide woyenga bwino, ndi yothina kwambiri. Kapeti ya emerald-velvety yomwe imaphimba nkhalangoyi, imakongoletsedwa ndi zisumbu za thyme onunkhira a squat ndi mivi ya lacy ya bracken.

Pali maini osiyanasiyana: wokhala ndi singano zowoneka bwino ndi thunthu laimvi, pine wa Weymouth wochokera ku North America, paini wokongola wochokera ku Mediterranean (akhoza kupezeka kuno ku Crimea ndi Caucasus), paini wakuda wochokera ku Australia, Banks pine, Rumelian ndi mnzathu wakale - pine wamba .

Chifukwa chake amatchedwa mtundu wa pine botany. Ngakhale, ndi chiyani wamba mwa iye? Kupatula apo, samachita manyazi kupita kulikonse: amawotcha zida, amayendayenda dzikolo m'njira zamatelefoni, ali pansi pa mtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri a mizere yazitsulo, ndipo amakhala othandizira m'migodi ya malasha ndi ore.

Chemisty Chemistry wapeza nkhokwe zamatabwa abwinowa mu mitengo wamba ya paini. Kuchokera ku cellulose adayamba kulandira silika wochita kupanga, ma pulasitiki, zikopa zochita kupanga, cellophane, mapepala osiyanasiyana, ndipo kuchokera zonsezi - mitundu yambiri yazinthu. Tsiku ndi tsiku, ma ridinous pine ridge amabwera mwachitsanzo ku Mari Pulp ndi Pepa Mill, pomwe amasinthidwa kukhala mitundu 35 yamagetsi amagetsi ndi pepala laukadaulo ndi zinthu zina zambiri zamafakitale komanso zapakhomo.

Chemistry imachokera ku mtengo "wamba" uwu womwe watsala pang'ono kumaliza - onunkhira utoto (turpentine). Kuchokera pamtengo umodzi, mpaka ma kilogalamu 2-4 a ma resin amasonkhanitsidwa pachaka, ndipo turpentine ndi rosin zimapezeka kuchokera kwa iwo panthawi ya distillation, ma varnish osiyanasiyana, utoto ndi mankhwala amakonzedwa kuchokera ku turpentine. Popanda rosin, monga mukudziwa, sopo sakhala sopo, ndipo pepala silikhala ndi inki, ndipo woyipayo saimba vayolin, ndipo wosamalira mundawo samakula. Mwa zonena za Kozma Prutkov omwe timakumana nawo: "ndi turpentine (mwachitsanzo, utomoni, wopezeka kuchokera ku conifers) ndizothandiza pazinthu zina". "Chilichonse" - lero ali ngati mafakitale 70: mphira, chingwe, utoto ndi varnish ndi ena. Ndipo ndi mafakitale angati omwe amaphatikiza?

Ndizovuta, mwina, mwinanso kosatheka kupeza pini lopanda ntchito. Pali ma tannins ndi gummi mu cortex, vanillin mu cambium, mafuta omiza amtengo wapatali amapezeka kuchokera ku mbewu, mungu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo a lycopodium (ufa wamapiritsi akufinya m'mankhwala ndi mafupa owumbidwa poyambira). Ngakhale mpweya wa m'nkhalango ya paini umachiritsa anthu odwala ndi ofooka, sizili pachabe kuti akumanga ma sanatorium ndi kupumula nyumba m'nkhalango za paini.

Mpaka posachedwa, singano za paini, nthambi zake ndi makungwa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zinyalala pakupanga nkhalango. Zinapezeka kuti zinyalala izi ndizofunika kuposa mtengo womwe. Mtengo umodzi wa paini umapereka pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 10 a masingano, omwe mumatha kupeza kuchuluka kwa carotene ndi vitamini C kwa munthu m'modzi, osanenapo za mafuta a paini omwe amachotsedwa pambewu ndi ubweya wa paini. Osati kale kwambiri, msika wamafuta chaka chonse udataya ma kilogalamu 4 miliyoni a vitamini C ndi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 150,000 a carotene mu zinyalala izi. Tsopano singano zimakonzedwa mu chlorophyll-carotene phala, lomwe limachiritsa mabala, kuwotcha, zilonda, zilonda zam'mimba ndipo limakhala lodzikuza pakati pazinthu zambiri zamankhwala: zotulutsa zowonjezera zosambira, masamba owuma a paini, turpentine ndi mankhwala ena.

Pine samatumikira munthu wokha. Pafupifupi pachaka chonse, wowotayo amadya ndi singano za paini. Kwa mbewa, chakudya chabwino kwambiri nthawi yachisanu ndi mphukira za paini ndi makungwa awo. Agologolo, ma chipmunks, mbalame zimadyerera nyemba za paini, zomwe zimachotsedwa mochenjera ku ma cone.

Ochita bwino kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi kuwoloka. Pokhazikitsa mtundu wa "makina" kwinakwake pamtengo, amaika cheni mmenemo ndikuchotsa m'matumbo mwachangu mpaka atatulutsa nthangala iliyonse. Malo antchito owolokerapo ndizosavuta kupezedwa ndi mitundu yambiri yosanja yomwe imakuta pansi mozungulira.

Zodabwitsa, koma nsomba zidasankhidwa kale pakati pa olumikizana ndi mphatso za paini. Fry mofunitsitsa komanso ndi phindu lalikulu kwa iwo amadya mungu, ndipo kasupe, nthawi yamaluwa, pamakhala mungu wambiri kotero kuti umaphimba dziwe ndi filimu yopyapyala. Makonzedwe osangalatsa ndi mbewu ya mungu ya paini: imakhala ndi ma ma cell awiri, imalola kuti iuluke mlengalenga ndipo ndiyosavuta kuwuluka pamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri.

Ngakhale mbiri yobwereza ya zipatso zomwe mtengo wa paini umapereka ndi yofunika kwambiri mwakuti palibe chifukwa chofotokozera zonse zodziwika bwino: za mizu ya payini yomwe imakonza mchenga wotetezeka, kuteteza magombe a mitsinje ku chiwonongeko, ndi nyanja kuti isatenthe, pazovala zake zobiriwira, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri minda yamzindawu ndi mapaki. Koma za "misozi yokongola ya Gelena", mwina, ayenera kuuzidwa.

Ngati mutapita ku Armory ku Moscow Kremlin, simungathandize koma kulabadira kuchuluka kwa zinthu kuchokera kumiyala yowoneka ya lalanje-lalanje, yomwe m'mbuyomu inkatchedwa burshtyn. Pali mikanda yosiyanasiyana, ndi bokosi lomwe limakutidwa ndi ulusi wanzeru, komanso maliseche opatsa chidwi, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zokongola. Onsewa amapangidwa ndi amber.

Akalozera a Museum Museum Museum mu mzinda wa Pushkin pafupi ndi Leningrad amalankhula za chipinda cha amber chotchuka, chomwe amisiri aku Russia adapanga pano kuchokera pazinthu zabwinozi. Tsoka ilo, mzaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse zomwe zidatengedwa zidalandidwa ndi akatswiri achijeremani ndipo tsogolo la chuma ili silikudziwika. Dongosolo labwino kwambiri la mwala wa dzuwa lasonkhanitsidwa ku migodi yotchuka ya Kaliningrad, komwe amachikumba pamakampani akuluakulu ambiri.

Kodi mwala wanthawi yanji (ndi momwe amber adatchulidwira dzina lakale ku Odyssey)? Maganizo ambiri otsutsana afotokozedwa. Mawu adamvekera kale kuti iyi ndi mphatso yapadera ya Mulungu, akatswiri asayansi yakale adayikhulupirira kuti ndi ya mchere, ndipo wasayansi wamkulu waku Russia Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov ndiamene anena lingaliro lolondola: adatcha amber ngati resin yopanda kanthu. Tsopano sayansi yatsimikizira kuti zidutswa za golide za amber ndizomwe zimayambitsa ma conifers, oyambitsa pine yathu. Pafupifupi zaka 10 miliyoni adasungidwa mumchenga wamchenga, pang'onopang'ono miyala yamtengo wapatali ndikusintha kukhala zida zamtengo wapatali.

Imodzi mwa nthano zaku Chipolishi imati zidutswa za amber ndi misozi ya panna wokongola, yemwe adalira kwambiri kupatukana ndi wokondedwa wake, ndikuziponyera m'madzi ozizira a Baltic.

Amanenanso nthano ngati imeneyi. Mwana wamkaziwe wanyanja, kusiya nyumba yachifumu yabwino kwambiri kwa iye, adapita kunyumba kwa msodzi wake wokondedwa wosauka. Mulungu wa nyanja mokwiya adatumiza namondwe kunyumba yachifumu ndikuwononga pansi. Kuwonongeka kwa nyumba yowoneka bwino ya Amber ndikutaya nyanja kwa zaka zikwizikwi, ndikuyika m'mbali mwa mchenga.

Zoyimira zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya malo ake onse - zimakhazikika pagombe la Baltic Sea, pafupi ndi Kaliningrad. Iwo anali kudyeredwa kale. Okonda ma diva a solar ochokera ku Europe konse, kuphatikiza amalonda aku Foinike, adabwera kuno kudzachita malonda. Zidutswa zozama zomwe zidapangidwa kale zidapezedwa m'manda amtundu wa Stone Age pachilumba cha Olkhon, mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Izi zikuchitira umboni osati kungogwiritsika ntchito kwazomwe zimakhalapo zakale za amber, komanso maubwenzi akale a mafuko aku Eastern Siberia ndi mayiko a Baltic; amber zachilengedwe sizinapezekebe ku Siberia.

Amber ndiwotchukanso masiku ano. Panopa samangokongoletsa miyala yamtengo wapatali. Pali mafakitale yonse - amber. Mazana a matani masauzande ambiri a amber amamangidwa chaka chilichonse ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu, opangidwa mwaluso m'maboma aku Baltic, mbewu zingapo m'dera la Kaliningrad zimabala zipatso kwambiri. Chotsitsiracho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso mu succinic acid ndi mafuta a amber, omwe ndiofunikira m'makampani ambiri azachipatala, komanso pazinthu zamaluso.

Pine ukhoza kupezeka kumpoto kwenikweni komanso m'chipululu, kwinakwake pakati pa mchenga womasuka wa Aleshkovsky wa Dnieper, ndipo osangokhala wocheperako, koma mpaka mazana mazana ambiri a mitengo, m'mapulogalamu a Altai kapena minda ya nkhalango ku East Kazakhstan, osanenapo za nkhalango za Central Russia, dera la Volga, Ukraine.

© Simon Koopmann

Ku Irpen, pafupi ndi Kiev, mtengo wazaka 200, wotchedwa phula wa Dovzhenko, umangoyima yekhayekha paphiri lamchenga pafupi ndi Nyumba ya Olemba. Kufika ku Nyumba Yachikhulupiriro, Alexander Petrovich mosasunthika amakhala m'chipinda chocheperako, kuchokera pawindo lomwe pine wake wokondedwa amawoneka bwino. Koposa kamodzi iye adatcha paini wothandizira wake - wothandizira, penti, adayimirira kwa nthawi yayitali poganiza.

Mtengo wokongola wa paini adakondedwa ndi Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol. Adamupangiratu kumtundu kwawo, owolowa manja, wolemera, komanso wokongola. Mtengo wa paini pafupifupi zaka mazana atatu wasungidwa pa Phiri la Mikhailova pafupi ndi mudzi wa Prokhorovka ku Ukraine. Apa, pansi pa mthunzi wake wabwino, wolemba wamkulu adabwera koposa kamodzi. Anthuwo adatcha muti wa Gine wa paini.

Pine wamba, ndipo tsogolo lake ndiwotheka!

Maulalo azinthu:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za mitengo