Mafuta a mtedza akhala akutchuka osati zakudya zokha komanso mankhwala. Amadziwika kuti pafupifupi 400 g ya ma hazelnuts amatha m'malo mwa zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku za munthu wamkulu pama calories. Ndipo pali mapuloteni okwanira, mafuta ndi chakudya mmagawo kuti apatse munthu zinthu zonse zofunika.
Hazel wamkulu (Corylus maxima) kapena Lombard, kungoti hazelnuts, amadziwika kuti ndi mfumu ya mtedza. Muli mapuloteni (20%) ndipo amapezeka kawiri kuposa mkaka ndi chokoleti, ndipo katatu kuposa mkate. Mafuta a nati ya Lombard amathiridwa bwino ndi thupi, ndipo mafuta ochulukirapo a polyunsaturated amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zama kagayidwe, zoletsa kukula kwa cholesterol. Popeza kuti pali mavitamini ndi michere yambiri m'makungu a hazelnut sikuli koyenera kuyankhulanso. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa yayikulu, nkhawa, komanso thupi lomwe likukula, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa zina zonse.
Lembani Hazel yayikulu (Corylus maxima) ndi membala wa gulu la Hazel Hazel (Corylus) mabanja apabanja HazelCoryloideae) wa banja la a Birch (Betulaceae).
Hazel yayikulu, kapena "Lombard nati" (Corylus maxima), zipatso zimadziwika kuti hazelnuts. © naturguckerMbiri ya Lombard Walnut
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti gombe la Black Sea likhoza kukhala malo omwe Lombard walnut, chifukwa mawu omwewo "hazelnut" potanthauzira kuchokera ku njira yaku Turkey - "kuchokera ku Black Sea". Mwina chikhalidwe chidafalikira kuchokera kumeneko kupita ku Europe, kenako ndikupititsidwa ku America. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zipolopolo zozunguliridwa ndi mafuta kuchokera ku Neolithic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nati iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makolo athu akale. Amathandizidwa ndimutu, kuyesa kukulitsa kukula mwa kudya zipatso. Mafuta a Lombard amadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro cha kuchuluka, chuma, chokhala ndi mphamvu zakuziteteza ku mizimu yoipa komanso mphezi.
Masiku ano, ma hazelnuts amapangidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana omwe nyengo yawo ndiyabwino pachomera ichi. Malo oyamba pakati pawo, mwachidziwikire, ndi Turkey, kumene pachaka amalandira mtedza wokwana matani 400,000. Italy ndi Spain, USA ndi Azerbaijan nazonso zimakulitsa mtengo wofunikawu, kufunikira kwapadziko lonse komwe, mwa njira, kumakwanitsidwa ndi 75% yokha. Makoko a Lombard walnut amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu confectionery, amakongoletsedwa ndikuwuma, ufa ndi pasitala amapangidwa. Zigawo zonse za mbewuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pharmacology. Wood amapita kukapanga mipando yamtengo wapatali. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti kukula kwama hazelnuts ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri komanso yodalirika.
Hazelnuts, zipatso za hazel zazikulu. © John KitsteinerKufotokozera kwa hazel yayikulu
Kodi iye ndi munthu wotani kwenikweni, nati? Lombard walnut ndi shrub mpaka 8 m wamtali. Choyambitsidwa ndi mphepo, ndimtchire wopangika ndipo motero pamafunika anansi. Mphete zachikasu zopepuka zachikazi ndi mphete zachikazi zowoneka bwino zimawonekera nthawi yayitali masamba asanatseguke. Kuti mungu ukhale wabwino, muyenera kubzala ana awiriawiri mmbali, kapena kudzala chitsamba cha Hazel yakutchire. Ma Hazelnuts amatha kufalikira mosaka zipatso (kugawa, kugawa chitsamba) ndi njira za mbewu.
Hazel ndi wolimba kwambiri komanso wosasamala. Siwonongeka ndi tizirombo ndipo sitidwala. Itha kumera pamalo otsetsereka, m'mapiri, komanso pamalo osalala. Chifukwa chake, momwe amagwirira ntchito sadziwa malire - amatha kulimbikitsa madera amtundu uliwonse ndikukutola mbewu zofunika.
Male inflorescence ("ma catkin") of hazel zazikulu. © Maka WattsKukula ndi kusamalira mtedza wa Lombard
Tsoka ilo, hazel ndi yayikulu, kapena nati ya Lombard ndichomera chokonda kutentha, nyengo yake yozizira ndiyotsika. Kulima mtedza kumatheka kokha kum'mwera.
Hazel yayikulu imakonda dothi lotayirira, losaloledwa kapena lamchere pang'ono, malo dzuwa. M'malo otetezeka, ma hazelnuts amakula nthawi zambiri, koma zokolola zimakhala zochepa. Mabasi obzalidwa yophukira, koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Humus (15 makilogalamu), superphosphate (200 g) ndi mchere wa potaziyamu (50 g) amawonjezeredwa m'maenje obzala (70 × 70). Dongosolo la mizu imayesedwa, pamaso pa malo owonongeka, amadulidwa m'malo abwino. Mutabzala, ma hazelnuts amathiridwa mokwanira ndikuwumbika ndi udzu wosenda. Mtunda pakati pa tchire ndi 4 - 6 m.
Ngati mtedza wa Lombard umathiriridwa kangapo munyengo, zokolola zimachulukanso pafupifupi kawiri. M'miyezi yotentha (Juni-Julayi), zipatso zikamamera, Hazel yayikulu nthawi zambiri imafunikira kuthirira mowolowa manja. Feteleza amathandizidwa kuti apange mbewu yabwino. Zabwino kwambiri ndi manyowa, kompositi ndi feteleza wa mchere, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse. Ngati dothi lili ndi chonde chokwanira komanso chopatsa thanzi, osapitilira muyeso wa feteleza wa nayitrogeni, chifukwa amathandizira kuti ziwalo zikukula mofulumira, kuchepetsa zokolola.
Zipatso zobiriwira zazikulu za Hazel. © bosico139M'zaka zochepa zoyambira, mizu ya hazelnut imakula mwachangu kuposa gawo lapansi. Kututa Lombard nati ayamba kubereka zaka 3-4 mutabzala. Chitsamba chimakonzedwanso mchaka cha 11: kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mitengo ikuluikulu imadulidwa ndipo achinyamata, mizu yofupikitsidwa.
Kusamalira ma hazelnuts sikovuta, ndipo kubzala mbewu m'munda kumabweretsa zipatso zamtengo wapatali zomwe anthu onse achikulire ndi ana amasangalala nazo.
