Chomwe chimatsogolera chonde cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi ndi humus

Chonde ndi humus ndi malingaliro omwe amagwirizana kwambiri. Kuchokera pachilankhulo cha Chilatini, dzinali limamasuliridwa kuti dothi kapena dziko lapansi. Ngakhale masiku ano alimi amalima mbewu pa hydroponics kapena dothi lochita kupanga popanda mavuto, komabe, gawo lachonde ili silingagawidwe. Kuti muwonjezere zochuluka, choyamba muyenera kudziwa zomwe humus m'nthaka, kenako ndikuwona momwe amapangira.

Humus ndi ...

Olemba mabuku otanthauzira zachilengedwe mogwirizana amagwirizana kuti ndi chinyontho cha zomera zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zinyalala zachilengedwe. Ngakhale m'masiku akale, makolo athu adazindikira kuti mdera lamdima kwambiri, zokolola zambiri komanso zapamwamba zimapereka. Mtunduwo ndi chizindikiro choyamba chomwe chikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa dothi la zophatikiza ndi mizu yazomera.

Ndiye humus imapangidwa bwanji? Pamtunda wapansi zovuta za biochemical zimachitika - kuwonongeka kwa organic kumakhalabe popanda mpweya. Sangachitike popanda kutenga nawo mbali:

nyama;
tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta nthaka;
mbewu.

Akamwalira, amasiya chizindikiro chachikulu pakupanga dothi. Zinthu zonyansa zowonongeka za zinthuzi zimadziunjikiranso pano. Zikatero, zinthu zachilengedwe zoterezi sizigwirizana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, timeneti timatha kudzikundana.

Biomass iyi imakhala malo enieni kwa zolengedwa zonse zapamwamba. Zomwe zili mmenemo zimakwaniritsa mizu ya mbewu ndi mphamvu, ndikuzipatsanso chakudya ndi zinthu zonse zofunika:

humusa;
ma humic acid;
mankhwala a humic.

Kukula kwa chivundikiro chotere kumatha kufika (pamtunda wotentha wa pulaneti) mpaka 1.5 metres. M'madera ena amapanga 10-16% ya nthaka, ndipo ena - 1.5% okha. Nthawi yomweyo, ma peatland ali ndi pafupifupi 90% ya zolengedwa izi zachilengedwe.

Kapangidwe ka humus mwachindunji kumadalira momwe mineralization ikuyendera - kuwonongeka kwa biomass (motsogozedwa ndi okosijeni) muzinthu zosavuta zamaminolo ndi organic. M'mikhalidwe yokhazikika, izi zimachitika chimodzimodzi, popanda tsankho kuchititsidwa manyazi.

Kupanga

Musanayang'ane zabwino za dothi lomaliza, muyenera kuganizira momwe limapangidwira. Malo okwanira azinthu zothandiza amapezeka pokhapokha chapamwamba patali. Ndi ozama, amakhala ochepa, popeza "otenga nawo mbali" onsewa amakhala pamlingo wa 50-70 cm kuchokera pamwamba. Chifukwa chake, kupanga zigawo zachonde ndizosatheka popanda:

mitundu ina ya bowa;
nyansi;
mabakiteriya.

Kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic, komanso chimbudzi cha nyama zosafunikira kumabweretsa kuti pakhale humus yothandiza kwambiri. Ndi nyongolotsi zomwe ndizofunikira pakapangidwe kake. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pafupifupi anthu 450-500 amakhala mu 1 m² of humus. Aliyense wa iwo amadya zinyalala za chomera ndi mabakiteriya. Zamoyo zomwe zimayikidwa ndi iwo zimapanga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa michere yazomera. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi humus zimaphatikizapo zinthu ngati izi (kuchuluka kwake kumatengera mtundu wa dothi):

Fulvic acid (30 - 50%). Nitrogen okhala ndi sungunuka (kwambiri maselo olemera) organic acid. Amatsogolera pakupanga mankhwala omwe amawononga ma mineral formations.
Gumins (15 - 50%). Izi zikuphatikiza zinthu zomwe sizimalize kukonza zamanyazi. Nthawi yomweyo, ntchito zawo zofunika zimadalira mchere.
Ma sax amapuma (kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 6%).
Ma acid a humic (7 - 89%). Amakhala osapindulitsa, ngakhale motsogozedwa ndi alkalis amatha kuwola m'magulu a zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Iliyonse mwa iyo ili ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimatsogolera: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen ndi kaboni. Ma acids akakumana ndi zina, mchere umatha kupanga dothi.
Zotsalira zopanda kanthu (19 - 35%). Izi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za saccharides, ma enzyme, ma alcohols ndi zinthu zina.

Gome la zinthu za humus zomwe zili m'magulu akulu a dothi limawonetsa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni ndi kaboni pamasentimita 100 kapena 20 aliwonse. Kuyeza kumachitika mu t / ha. Umu ndi momwe chithunzi chambiri m'minda yazonde ku Russia chikuwonekera.

Ngati feteleza (mchere, makamaka, nayitrogeni) umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso zochuluka, izi zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke mwachangu. Mu zaka zoyambirira, zokolola, zambiri, zimachulukana kangapo. Koma popita nthawi, kuchuluka kwa chonde chadzachepa kwambiri, ndipo zipatso zake siziyenda bwino.

Zothandiza katundu

Pankhani yaulimi, kuteteza chilengedwe chakumaloko kumaonedwa kuti ndikofunika kwambiri. Kwa zaka zana zapitazo, chifukwa cha kukokoloka mu Russia ndi Ukraine, chivundikiro chapamwamba chatsika pafupifupi theka. Kudziwitsidwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi zimapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke. Akatswiri azachilengedwe ndi alimi amawona kuti zinthu za munthaka ndizofunikira komanso chofunikira pakugula malo. Kupatula apo, ndi amene ali ndi udindo woyambitsa nthaka ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi:

Ili ndi michere yambiri yomwe imafunikira kuti mbewu izitha kubereka. Pafupifupi 99% ya nayitrogeni omwe alipo m'chilengedwe, komanso 60% ya phosphorous yonse.
Imathandizira kudzaza dziko lapansi ndi mpweya, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yopasuka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, mizu ya mbewu ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tokhala m'nthaka timalandira mlengalenga wokwanira.
Amapanga dothi. Zotsatira zake, dongo ndi mchenga sizisonkhana. Ma organic amaphatikiza glue mineral tinthu tosiyanasiyana mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndikupanga mtundu wa latiti. Chinyezi chimadutsa mwa iwo, chomwe chimakhala mu voids. Mwanjira imeneyi, mbewuyo imalandira madzi. Komanso, mawonekedwe a porous amateteza dziko lapansi pakusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha ndi kusiyana kwamphamvu.
Humus amalimbikitsa kutenthetsa kwa nthaka yofananira. Mapangidwe ophatikizika amomwe amachitika pamtunduwu. Zotsatira zamachitidwe oterewa ndi m'badwo wa kutentha. Monga taonera pamwambapa, nthaka yachonde imakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda bii. Nyimbo zamtundu wakuda zimakoka ndikuyamwa bwino ma ray a ultraviolet bwino kwambiri.

Zomera zachilengedwe zimateteza dzikolo ku zoipa za mankhwala oopsa omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Zinthu izi "zimasunga" ma carbon osawoneka bwino, mchere, zitsulo ndi ma radionuclides, kuzisiya nthawi zonse m'matumbo a dziko lapansi komanso kulepheretsa mbewu kuti zikule.

Vuto lokhalokha kwa alimi onse ndi malo achilengedwe omwe amalimapo mbewu, komanso mitundu ya nthaka momwe zinthu za humus (tebulo mu nkhani) ndizosiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiwonjezere chonde cha mayiko awo, tifunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zotsalira mwaiwo, titenge monga maziko a chilengedwe.

Mapu a Dongosolo la Humus

M'madera momwe nyengo imagwirira kwambiri, njira yapangidwe dothi imayamba pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chotenthetsa bwino chakumtunda, mbewu ndi tizilombo tambiri timataya nthawi kuti ikhalepo bwino.

Tundra

Apa mutha kuwona madera akuluakulu okhala ndi conifers ndi zitsamba. Malo otsetsereka amakhala ophimbidwa ndi moss. Mu tundra, mawonekedwe a humus ndi 73-80 t / ha pamtunda wa mita imodzi. Maderawa ndi achinyontho kwambiri komwe kumapangitsa kuti miyala ya dongo ipangidwe. Zotsatira zake, nthaka ya tundra ili ndi mawonekedwe awa:

chivundikiro kumtunda - zinyalala, zopangidwa ndi zinyalala zopanda mbewu;
wosanjikiza humus, womwe wafowoka kwambiri;
helium wosanjikiza (amabwera ndi bulint tint);
permafrost.

Mpweya wa oxygen sunalowe mu dothi loterolo. Pazinthu zazamoyo zazamoyo, kupezeka kwa mpweya ndikofunikira. Popanda iyo, amafa kapena amaundana.

Taiga

Mitengo ya Broadleaf imapezeka m'derali. Amapanga nkhalango zowirira. M'malo a steppe sikuti moss amakula yekha, komanso mbewu za udzu. Pakatikati (nthawi zambiri chimatenthetsa chipale chofewa) ndikugwa mvula kugwedeza nthaka. Kuyenda koteroko kumatsuka kosungirako kwanyanjayo.

Apa imapangika ndikugona pansi pa zinyalala. Zambiri zimapereka zisonyezo zosiyanasiyana za zomwe zili humus mu taiga. Pamitundu yamdothi ili, ili motere (1 m², t / ha):

podzolized (wamphamvu, wapakati komanso wofooka) - kuchokera 50 mpaka 120;
nkhalango imvi - 76 kapena 84;
sod-podzol - osapitirira 128, ndipo osachepera 74;
taiga-permafrost imakhala ndi zochepa kwambiri.

Kuti tikule mbewu pamtunda wotere, mabedi amayenera kuphatikizidwa nthawi zonse ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Pokhapokha ngati izi zitheka ndizotheka kukolola zochuluka.

Chernozem

Mtsogoleri komanso wokonda kwambiri chonde mu mitundu yonse ya chernozem. Organic humus mwa iwo imafika pakuya masentimita 80 kapena 1.2. Mwa kumanja, amatha kumatchedwa malo achonde kwambiri. Awa ndi dothi labwino polimana monga chimanga (tirigu), beets shuga, chimanga kapena mpendadzuwa. Kuchokera pamndandanda wotsatirawu mutha kuwona kusintha kwamtundu wa humus mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chernozem (t / ha, pa 100 cm):

wamba (500-600);
owala (mpaka 400);
leachedwa (mkati mwa 550);
wamphamvu (oposa 800);
Southern West Caucasian (390);
wonongeka (mpaka 512).

Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti zisonyezo za mitundu ya anamwali, okongola komanso otukuka ndizosiyana. Kuti adziwe momwe gulu lirilonse limapangidwira, tebulo limaperekedwa. Madera otetezeka ndi ouma, dothi la chestnut ndilofala, lomwe mulibe zosaposa 100-230 t / ha of humus. Kwa zigawo zamtunda (zofiirira ndi zodera), chizindikiro ichi ndi pafupifupi 70 t / ha. Zotsatira zake, alimi amayesetsa kulimbana ndi zokongoletsa minda.

Chilala ndiye mdani wamkulu pamitundu yamitundu imeneyi. Chifukwa chake, minda ingafunikire kuthirira kwambiri.

Njira zokulitsira zokolola

Kumvetsetsa momwe dothi lapansi lomwe limapangidwira limapangidwa, wosamalira mundawo amatha kuwonjezera zomwe zili m'madothi a podzolic, omwe akuvutika ndi chinyezi chambiri. Poyeserera chonde cha magawo otere, zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:

manyowa m'mundamo ndi manyowa, peat kapena humus;
gwiritsani / pangani kompositi;
kumasula pansi nthawi zonse kuti okosijeni alowe m'mizu ndi ma fundo;
samalirani ma bacteria okwanira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kapena kuwaza namsongole m'mundamo, komanso zinthu zina.