Kodi kukula mabatani anyezi wamkulu?

Kukula anyezi kuti mupeze mutu (mababu) munyengo yachilimwe ya alimi odziwa ntchito sizimayambitsa zovuta. Komabe, kuti mupeze mababu akuluakulu (200-400 g), muyenera kutsatira njira yolima yomwe ili ndi chikhalidwe chake. Tikufotokozerani momwe mungatsimikizire kukolola kwakukulu mababu - zomwe muyenera kubzala, momwe mungasamalire kubzala anyezi, etc., m'nkhaniyi.

Njira zambiri zopezera mitu ya anyezi athanzi

Anyezi wamkulu amayamba ndi mbewu. Anyezi pa babu (mutu) akhoza kumera kudzera mu njere (chernushka), kufesa (arbazheyka) ndi mbande. Pamunda wopangidwa ndi nyumba yanyengo yachilimwe yokulitsa anyezi wamkulu wa anyezi ndi yosungirako yozizira, ndikofunikira kwambiri kubzala mbewu kuchokera kumpoto.

Kuti mupeze mbewu ya mitu yayikulu (mpaka 200-400 g) ya anyezi, pali zinthu zingapo zofunika:

• kusankha mitundu yosemedwa ndi anyezi wamkulu;
• kusungidwa koyenera kwa mbeu;
• Kuthana ndi zofunikira pakukula kwaulimi.

Bulb mitundu ndi kukula

Mukufuna kupeza anyezi wamkulu? Mverani mitundu yobzalidwa. Anyezi ndi chomera chautali ndipo chimakhudza zowawa kufikira nthawi yakuda ndi yowala. Anyezi ali ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri amitundu momwe angachitire kutalika kwa tsiku. Chikhalidwe chimalola kusintha kwa nyengo mosavuta kuposa kusowa kwa masana.

Mitundu yakum'mwera ya anyezi imakonzedweratu kuti imere ndikupanga gulu lakusungirako (babu) pamene kuwala kwamasana kukuyandikira maola opitilira 135. Kufika kwa mulingo wakumwera kumatenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo mitundu yosiyanayo ili ndi nthawi yokwanira kubzala zipatso zochulukirapo, kuphatikizapo chosungira chachikulu.

Ngati anyezi am'mitundu yosiyanasiyana abzalidwa kumpoto, pomwe masana nthawi yachilimwe imakwana msanga maola 15-18, mbewuzo zimamaliza kumanga msanga ndikupanga mababu. Kapangidwe kazinthu zosungirako (babu) kumatanthauza kutha kwa chitukuko, ndi kupuma pantchito. Mababu alibe nthawi yolemera ndikukhalabe ocheperako.

Mitundu ya kumpoto ya anyezi, yobzalidwa kumwera, imapanga masamba ambiri kuyembekezera kuyamba kwa tsiku lalitali kwambiri pa maola 15-18. Ndipo popeza kumwera kutalika kokwanira masana kumathera pa ma 15 maola, chikhalidwe chimapitilirabe kukulira masamba, koma sichimapanga konse. Zosiyanasiyana sizikhala ndi masana okwanira kuti apite gawo lotsatira la chitukuko.

Chifukwa chake, owerenga okondedwa, mukufuna kupeza chochuluka cha anyezi, onetsetsani kuti mwatsatanetsatane zomwe amachita pachikhalidwe chawo. Mere mitundu ya anyezi akumwera, ndi mitundu ya kumpoto. Kupanda kutero, mitu ya anyezi idzakhala yaying'ono, yopanda kucha kapena yopanga konse. Pakadali pano, mitu yayikulu, koma yopanda zigawo, komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zaukadaulo wa zaulimi sikutsimikizira kulandira kwakukulu.

Kubzala ndi kusunga mbewu

Ndikothekanso kupeza zokolola zazikulu za mababu anyezi kokha pofesa ndi mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zitha kugulidwa ku malo ogulitsira kapena kukulira palokha komanso kusungidwa bwino mpaka mutabzala m'nthaka.

Ndikakonzekereranso mbeu zokha, ndikofunikira mukakolola ndikuwumitsa mbewu yambirimbiri kuti igawikane mugawo:

• Oatmeal, 0.5-0.7 masentimita;
• Gulu, masentimita 0,8-1,5;
• Gulu II, 1.5-2.2 masentimita.

Yabwino kwambiri yofesa imawonedwa ngati arbazheyka yamagulu a I ndi II.

Asanabzike, mbewu yosankhidwa imasungidwa m'chipinda chozizira kutentha kwa 0 ... + 2 ° C ndipo osakwezeka, ndipo chipinda chofunda pa + 17 ... + 18 ° C (kutali ndi batri yotentha).

Ngati boma la kutentha linaphwanyidwa ndipo arbazheika amasungidwa kunyumba kutentha kwa + 2 ... + 15 ° C, sizikupanga nzeru kuyembekezera kuti mwina anyezi apatsa zipatso zabwino. Pakudula masika m'malo otentha, anyezi otere amayamba kuwombera. Phula logontha lamkati lidzasankha gawo la michereyo, babu la anyezi sadzakhala wosaya. Kuphatikiza apo, m'munsi mwa peduncle mu bulb muzikhala gwero lakuwonongeka nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu.

Chifukwa chake, malo okakamiza kutipeza mbewu yayikulu anyezi ndi mitundu komanso mtundu wobzala.

Zipangizo zokulira anyezi

Anyezi otsogola

Omwe anali oyambitsa anyezi pachikhalidwecho ndi phwetekere, nkhaka, mbatata zoyambirira ndi zapakati, zukini, nyemba, kabichi yoyambirira. Anyezi amayenda bwino ndi kaloti, beets, radives, amadyera, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zokolola izi m'mabedi ophatikizika.

Nthawi yobzala

Kubzala anyezi kutha kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena koyambilira kwa masika. Pochita, kubzala masika anyezi ndikofunikira. Zovuta zamakedzana zaposachedwa zimatha kupangitsa mbande zoyambilira ndi kufa kwawo posachedwa chisanu, ndikupangitsa kufesa pang'ono pang'ono nthawi yozizira. Kusokonezeka kwa mbewu kumapangitsa kuti mababu ang'onoang'ono apangidwe.

Kutengera nyengo nyengo ndi kutentha kwanyengo, arbazheika yofesedwa m'malo otentha mchaka chapitachi cha Marichi-kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, kuzizira (mkanjira wapakati) - chakumapeto khumi kwa Epulo-koyambirira kwa Meyi. Madera akumpoto atadutsa chisanu ndikuwotha nthaka mpaka + 6 ... + 10 ° С.

Kutentha kwabwino kwa nthaka kufesa ndi + 10 ... + 12 ° C, ndi mpweya + 3 ... + 5 ° C.

Mbande za anyezi ziwoneka pa 5th-6th day. Ngati mumabzala kufesa m'nthaka yosayamba, imayamba kuwombera. Mukachedwa kubzala, ndiye, kamodzi mukauma dothi lowaza, anyezi amachepetsa kukula kwake ndipo sadzapanga anyezi wamkulu. Ndiye kuti, kuti mulandire babu ambiri anyezi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tisunge nthawi yobzala mbewu.

Mbewu za anyezi ndizoleza mtima ndipo zimalekerera mosavuta kuzizira kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri kwa -3 ° C. Koma nthawi yophukira yophukira ndi isanayambike masika obiriwira, masika akuluakulu ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa -3 ... -5 ° C kuyimitsa kukula ndi chitukuko, chomwe pambuyo pake chimakhudza kukula kwa mababu.

Kukonzekera kwa mbeu kubzala:

• Sankhani chifukwa chodzala anyezi wathanzi mwamtheradi;
• Zowuma kumapeto kwa seti zimadulidwa mosamala ndi lumo;
• Kuteteza seti ku matenda oyamba ndi fungus, onetsetsani kuti mwapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi madzi otentha, yankho la potaziyamu, ndi njira zina zodziwika. Tizilombo tofinyira tofinyira kutentha firiji timayanika kuti magazi athe. Asanadzalemo, imasungidwa mu burlap.
• Tsiku lotsatira, m'munda wokonzedwa

Kufunika kwadothi

Anyezi sangathe kulekerera dothi lokhazikika komanso chinthu chatsopano chachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, mukamakula m'magulu azikhalidwe, ma organic ndi ma deoxidants amawonjezedwa zaka 2-3 anyezi asanabzalidwe pansi pa mbewu zam'mbuyomu. Anyezi sakonda kuyimitsa nthaka, chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, dexidation m'chaka chodzala chofunikira chachikulu imapangidwa ndi magalasi atatu a phulusa pa lalikulu mita. m lalikulu.

Kuti mbewu zikule bwino ndi kuphuka, dothi pansi pa anyezi liyenera kukhala ndi gawo la pH = 6.4-6.7, likhale lotunga madzi, lotha kulowa madzi, komanso lachonde.

Ntchito feteleza

Anyezi amakhala ndi michere yambiri kuchokera m'nthaka ndi mbewu, koma safunika kudyetsedwa. Ngakhale kuphatikiza michere ndi chinyezi nthawi yakula zimathandizira kukula kwamphamvu kwa anyezi. Pamadothi onenepa komanso owuma, kuyambira nthawi yophukira, pansi pokumba kwambiri kwa dothi anyezi, chinkapindika chinkanyowetsa humus sichimaposa 1 / 3-1 / 2 zidebe pa mita imodzi. mamita kapena mbewu siderata.

Rye, oats, mpiru, wogwiriridwa amasulidwa bwino. Pa dothi loyandama, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mpiru ndi nyemba, clover, vetch-oat. Zikhalidwe zosakanikirana zakumaso sizangangofalitsa dothi, komanso kudzazitsa ndi michere yomwe ilipo.

Kuyambira feteleza wamchere pansi anyezi amapanga nitroammophosk 50-60 g / sq. m kapena mafuta a phosphorous-potaziyamu okha, 25-30 ndi 15-25 g / sq. m, ndipo kasupe akufesa, urea sawonjezeranso 20-25 g / sq. m

Ngati dothi latha ndipo feteleza wapamwamba amafunikira, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuwonjezera 2/3 ya mankhwalawo mu kugwa, ndikutsala zotsalazo mu kasupe musanadzalemo.

Malamulo okhudza Arbazheika

Kubzala kumachitika mu dothi lokonzekedwa munjira imodzi kapena mzere wa 2 mpaka 3 mpaka. Mu riboni pakati pa mizere kusiya 8-12 cm komanso pakati pa zotsekera - 20-25 cm.

Panjira yoyamba, mtunda pakati pa mababu ungakhale wosiyana:

• Mukabzala "mapewa", kuchulukana kumakhala kwakukulu, popeza pakati pa njere mzere mtunda ndi 1.0-1.5 cm. Ndi njira yobzala iyi, kupatulira 2 kumachitika:
• pakuchepa koyamba, mtunda umakulitsidwa mpaka 4 cm, ndipo nthenga zazing'ono za anyezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya;
• Pambuyo pa masiku 25-30, kupatulira kwachiwiri kumachitika, ndikusiya mtunda pakati pa mbewu zazing'ono za cm cm.

Njira yachiwiri yofikira ndi wamba. Sevc amabzalidwa patali mzere pambuyo 8-10 masentimita, pakati pa mizere - 20 cm. Kuchepetsa sikumachitika. Arbazheyka woyikidwa mu mizere yolumikizidwa mpaka akuya masentimita 4, akugona pamwamba pa dothi ndi 2.0-2,5 masentimita ndikuwumbika pang'ono ndi kanjedza.

Kusamalira anyezi nthawi yakula

Ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa nthawi kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa, yopanda matalala. Namsongole amabisa malo ochulukirapo pamizere ya mbewu ndikupangitsa kuchulukana kwa matenda oyamba ndi fungus.

Mulching pambuyo kuthilira anyezi ndikofunikira. Kutumphuka komwe kumapangidwa kuthilira kumapangitsa kuti chinyezi chikhale chosagwirizana (nthawi zina chouma, kenako chonyowa), chomwe chimachepetsa mwayi wopanga babu lalikulu. Kutsegulira ndikwachilendo kwambiri, munjira zambiri. Mukamasula mzera, kuwonongeka kwa mizu yopanda tanthauzo kumakhudza kukula kwa babu. Anyezi sangakhale wopindika. M'malo mwake, pakukula kwa babu, "fashionista" amatsegula mapewa awo kuloza dzuwa. Ntchito yofunikira pakupanga babu yayikulu ndi kuthirira nthawi yake.

Kuthirira anyezi

Kuthirira ndi kuvala pamwamba kwambiri anyezi m'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ndikofunikira kwambiri. Zovuta zakusokonekera pakuperekedwa kwa michere ndi kuphwanya kwa ulimi wothirira nthawi imeneyi kumabweretsa mitu yaying'ono ya anyezi ndikuwonongeka kwa kukoma.

Pafupifupi madzi okwanira

• Mwezi woyamba kuthirira amachitika kamodzi pa sabata ndi kuvomerezedwa pambuyo pake kumasula ndi mulching ya wosweka mulch. Pokhala mulch, tizirombo tikhazikika, matenda oyamba ndi fungus amadziunjikira. Mulch wocheperako amateteza dothi kuti lisanenenso pamtunda ndipo limawola msanga mothandizidwa ndi chinyezi. Nthawi imeneyi, dothi nthawi yothirira imanyowa mpaka 10 cm.
• Mu Juni, pakukula kwa mababu, kuchuluka kwa kuthirira kumachepetsedwa masiku 10, koma dothi limanyowa mpaka 20-25 cm ya wosanjikiza. Kuti madzi asasanduke, kuthilira kumachitika mwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
• Mu Julayi, kuthirira kumachitika kamodzi pakadutsa masiku 8-10 ngati pakufunika (kuletsa dothi kuti lisaname muzu.
• Mu theka lachiwiri la Julayi, dothi limangokhala lonyowa, ndipo akusinthira "kuthirira." Nthaka imasulidwa, kuyilungika, ndi kuichotsa namsongole.
• Masabata awiri 2-3 tisanakolole, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa ndipo mapewa a mababu 'amawonekera' pansi. Ndondomeko imalimbikitsa kucha kwa babu, makamaka tsinde kumunsi. Zosapsa nyengo yachisanu imakhudzidwa ndi fungal ndi bakiteriya zowola.

Kuthirira zolakwika

• Kuthirira ndi kuthinana kwambiri kumaphwanyetsa nthenga, kuchititsa kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka michere kulowa mu chomera, kumachepetsa. Zomera zimadwala.
• Osathirira anyezi ndi madzi ozizira. Mukathirira ndi madzi m'munsimu + 18 ° C, chikhalidwecho chimadwala ndi ufa wa powdery.
• Ndikofunika kuti nkhokwe zizikhala zoyera kotheratu ndi namsongole, osazilola kuti zikule pamwamba pa 5-8 cm.
• Pamavuto, osamasula udzu komanso osamwetsa madzi, mizu ya anyezi imakhalabe yowawasa, yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri babu posungira.

Mavalidwe anyezi

Kupangika kwa mababu akulu kumafunikira michere yokwanira. Kulowa kwawo pachikhalidwe kumayenera kukhala kofananira, popanda yopuma yanjala ndi kumwa mopambanitsa. Ndikwabwino kuphatikiza anyezi ndi michere yothira. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kavalidwe kapamwamba kowuma sikothandiza kwambiri.

Kudyetsa koyamba kwa anyezi

Mwa kuvala bwino dothi, chovala cha anyezi choyambirira chitha kukhazikitsidwa mpaka June, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, chimachitika pambuyo pa masabata 2-3 kuchokera kumera. Nthenga zake zopepuka ndizizindikiro zakudyetsa.

Kudyetsa mu 10 l a madzi ofunda, spoonful ya ammonium nitrate kapena urea ndi yoweta. Phatikizani ndi muzu wamizere wa 10-12. Ngati dothi (pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana) silinakhutire mokwanira musanabzidwe, ndiye kuti woyamba umuna umachitika bwino ndi feteleza wathunthu, pogwiritsa ntchito nitroammophoska, Kemiru-lux, crystallin mu njira yothetsera (25-30 g / 10 l yamadzi). Pambuyo povala pamwamba, mbewu zimatsukidwa ndi kuthilira ndi mauna abwino.

Wachiwiri kudya anyezi

Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimachitika m'zaka khumi za Juni ndi yankho la mafuta a phosphorous-potaziyamu. Mu 10 l amadzi ofunda, 20 ndi 10 g ya superphosphate ndi potaziyamu sulfate amasungunuka ndikuyambitsa pansi pazu wa mbewu. Munthawi imeneyi, mmalo mwa msanganizo wa phosphorous-potaziyamu, mutha kudyetsanso mbewuzo ndi nitroammophos, ndikuwonjezera ndende yankho la supuni ziwiri pa malita 10 a madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuvala pamwamba pamtengo wapamwamba ndi ma microelements kapena boron kumachitika ndi kuphatikiza kwa phulusa la mafuta (0.5 l pa 10 l yamadzi).

Wachitatu kudya anyezi

Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chimachitidwa ngati kuli kofunikira, ngati kukula kwa mababu kumachepetsa .. Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chimachitika pamene kukula kwa anyezi ndi mtedza nthawi zambiri kumakhala yankho la superphosphate. 40 g wa superphosphate amawundulira mu 10 l a madzi. Kutalika kwa yankho kumakhala pafupifupi 5 l / sq. m ikamatera.

Tisaiwale kuti anyezi omwe ali ndi dothi labwino komanso labwino lophatikiza ndi feteleza wopanda mchere sangathe kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza, amangomatira manyowa ndi kufufuza zinthu ndi phulusa la phulusa.

Kuteteza anyezi ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga

Kuteteza anyezi ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi biofungicides (kuchokera ku matenda) ndi bioinsecticides (kuchokera ku tizirombo) monga njira yoteteza. Ma biofungicides omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi Planriz, Haupsin, Alirin-B, Trichodermin, Gliocladin.

Zochizira ndi tizirombo, "Aktofit", "Aversectin-S", "Bitoxibacillin", "Verticillin", "Bicol" amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zothetsera zakonzedwa bwino muzosakanikira za tank. Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwake ndi kusakaniza ziyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse malinga ndi malangizo. Mankhwala othandizira anyezi amachitika nthawi zosachepera 3-5 nthawi yakukula m'mawa. Kukonzanso komaliza kumatha kuchitika patatsala masiku awiri 2-3 kututa. Zinthu zachilengedwe ndizotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu ndi nyama.

Kuchiza kumayambira pakusintha kowoneka koyamba mu utoto wa cholembera kapena momwe mbewu ziliri.

Kututa anyezi

Kuyamba kukolola kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mkhalidwe wa pamwambapa unyinji wa anyezi. Kutengera mitundu:

• masamba obiriwira amatembenukira chikasu
• gonani pansi
• kutaya turgor, etc.

Mukakolola, anyezi amachotsedwa panthaka, ndikumasiyidwa kwa milungu iwiri pansi pa denga kuti awume yomaliza.Anyezi wouma amasanjidwa ndipo mababu owonda ndi khosi lowuma, wokutidwa ndi mamba owuma kumtunda, amayikidwa kuti azisungirako yozizira. Asanagone mumbale zosungira, zouma zouma zimadulidwa 3-5 cm pachitsa kapena kulumikizidwa ndi pigtails ndikuyimitsa m'malo owuma, otentha.

Chifukwa chake, kukula anyezi wokhala ndi anyezi wamkulu kumafuna kukhazikitsa njira zaulimi, zomwe zazikulu zake ndi:

• kusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana;
• mtundu wambewu;
• nthawi yofesa;
• kutsatira malamulo a chisamaliro, omwe akuphatikiza kuthilira kwakanthawi ndi kuvala pamwamba, nthaka munthaka yonyowa, yopanda udzu, yokhala ndi chomera chokwanira kwambiri.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwapamwamba kwa zofunikira zaukadaulo waulimi kumapangitsa njira zonse zothandizira kupeza zipatso zazikulu za anyezi.