Yerusalemu artichoke

Mtengo wa herbaceous Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), wotchedwanso mphukira wa mpendadzuwa, amawerengedwa ngati nthumwi ya mtundu wa mpendadzuwa wa banja la Astrov. Komanso chotchuka, chomerachi chimatchedwa Jerusalem artichoke, babu, peyala yapadziko lapansi kapena ng'oma. "Yerusalemu artichoke" amachokera ku dzina la fuko la India Tupinamoas, yemwe amakhala kudera lomwe masiku ano ku Brazil kuli. Zomera zoterezi zidalowetsedwa ku maiko aku Europe kudzera ku France ndi England m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo zidakulitsidwa kwambiri ngati mbewu ya chakudya ndi chakudya kuyambira m'ma 1900. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, chikhalidwe chotere chimapezeka ku North America pamtunda wapaulendo komanso m'njira. Ndipo Yerusalemu artichoke amalimidwa pafupifupi m'maiko onse, pomwe ena mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, ku Switzerland, Japan ndi Australia) amawerengedwa kuti ndi udzu wamasamba, popeza ndiosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, osadzichiritsa, opatsa zipatso, ndipo ngakhale mbewu yotere imatha kusintha mwachangu mikhalidwe iliyonse .

Kufotokozera mwachidule kukula

1. Tikufika. Mizu yobzalidwa m'nthaka pansi pa chisanu kwa masiku 15-20 masiku woyamba chisanu asanachitike.
2. Kupepuka. Tsambali liyenera kuwoneka bwino.
3. Dothi. Nthaka itha kukhala iliyonse, zikadakhala kuti sizinali za ndale kapena zamchere pang'ono (pH 6.0-7.5), koma siziyenera kulemera mopambanitsa, ndipo migunda yamchere singakhalenso yoyenera.
4. Kuthirira. Chomera chimafuna kuthirira kokha nthawi yayitali. Pamtchi 1, zidebe zamadzi 1-1.5 amatengedwa.
5. Feteleza. Chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa chaka, feteleza wa mchere amamuthira nthaka, ndipo zinthu zanyumba zimayikidwa zaka ziwiri zilizonse kapena zitatu mumilungu yophukira.
6. Kuswana. Nthawi zambiri, lonse kapena kudula tubers ndi maso. Nthawi zambiri, njira yobala (mbewu) imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
7. Tizilombo zovulaza. Slugs, zimbalangondo, ma waya.
8. Matenda. White zowola, alternariosis kapena powdery mildew.

Zithunzi za Yerusalemu artichoke

Yerusalemu artichoke ali ndi mizu yamphamvu, mapangidwe a tubers omwe amatha kudyedwa amapezeka pa stolons zawo zapansi panthaka. Mitundu ya tubers imatha kukhala yofiira, yoyera, yachikaso kapena yofiirira, imafanana ndi muzu wa ginger, ndipo kakomedwe kawo kamafanana ndi mpiru kapena phesi. Pamwamba pa tsinde mwachindunji komanso mwamphamvu pamakhala ma pubescence omwe amaimiridwa ndi ulusi wamfupi, kutalika kwake kumatha kusiyana kuchokera pa 0.4 mpaka 3 mita, ndipo kumtunda kwake kumakhala nthambi. Masamba omwe ali ndi masamba okhathamira amakhala ndi petioles, ndipo pamakhala kupindika paliponse. Timapepala tokwera timakonzedwa pafupipafupi; mapangidwe ake ndi amtali-ovate kapena lanceolate, ndipo otsika amakhala ovate a mtima, osagwirizana. Mabasiketi a inflorescences omwe mainchesiwa amafikira masentimita 10, amaphatikiza maluwa achikasu achikatikati achikatikati, komanso maluwa abodza khumi ndi asanu achinyengo owoneka ngati amtundu wagolide. Chipatsochi ndi achene, chomwe chimacha mu Ogasiti-Sepemba.

Pa kukula kwama mafakitale, chikhalidwechi chimamera ku Russia, America ndi Asia. Komabe, wamaluwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri atukula ku Yerusalemu artichoke ngati chakudya chomwe chili ndi machiritso. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a ku Yerusalemu artichoke tubers ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mbatata, ndipo mtengo wake wamafuta umakhala wokwera kuposa wa beets. Ma tubers oterowo amadyedwa osaphika ndi owiritsa, okazinga ndi stewed. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga tiyi ndi compote.

Kukula kwa Yerusalemu artichoke poyera

Nthawi yobzala

Jerusalem artichoke itha kubzala mchombo komanso panthaka. Kubzala ma tubers panthaka yozizira kumachitika nthawi yozizira masiku 15-20 isanayambike chisanu chokhazikika. Izi zitha kuchitika kumapeto kwa nthaka, nthaka itayamba kutentha bwino. Pobzala nthawi yozizira, ma tubers athunthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kasupe, ngati kuli kotheka, amagawidwa m'magawo angapo.

Pakubzala ku artichoke ku Yerusalemu, muyenera kusankha tsamba ladzuwa, pomwe muyenera kupeza malo omwe tchire zolimba, zomwe kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 300, sizingabise mbewu zina. Olima odziwa zamaluwa amabzala zitsamba m'mbali mwa mpanda kapena kuzungulira poyambira malowo.

Dothi labwino

Yerusalemu artichoke amakula bwino m'nthaka kapena pang'ono zamchere, pomwe pH iyenera kukhala 6.0-7.5. Sifunanso kuti nthaka ipangidwe, motero itha kubzalidwe pafupifupi panthaka iliyonse. Komabe, chomera chotere sichingalimidwe pamphala zamchere komanso pamtunda wolemera kwambiri. Kukonzekera malowa kuti ubzale nthawi yozizira kumachitika masiku 15 mpaka 20 tubers asanabzalidwe. Ngati kubzala kudzachitika mchaka, ndiye kuti kukonzekera malowa ndikofunikanso kuthana ndi nthawi yakuthengo. Kukumba dothi kumachitika mwakuya kwa bayonet ya fosholo, pomwe kuli kofunikira kuwonjezera kompositi kwa iyo. Ngati ikukonzekereratu masika, ndiye kuti dothi losasweka silikuswa. Muyenera kuchita izi kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu. Mukadzala, feteleza wa potaziyamu-phosphorous umalowetsedwa m'nthaka. Kenako mutha kuyamba kubzala ku Yerusalemu artichoke. Ndikwabwino kubzala mbewu yotere m'dera lomwe kabichi, mbatata ndi nkhaka zidamera kale.

Malamulo akumalo

M'masiku omaliza a Epulo kapena oyamba - m'mwezi wa Meyi, muyenera kusankha timachubu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati dzira la nkhuku. Iyenera kunyowa mu yankho la Epin (1 milligram pa 1 litre yamadzi), kenako ikabzalidwa, kuyang'ana mtunda wa 0.4 m, pomwe kuya kwa ngalawo kuyenera kukhala kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 15 cm, ndi m'lifupi mwake pakati pa mizere kuchokera pa 0.6 mpaka 0,7 m. Nthaka, yotulutsidwa mumtsempha, iyenera kulumikizidwa ndi chakudya cham'mafupa, kenako osakaniza ndi dothiwo amathira mu poyambira.

Chisamaliro cha artichoke ku Yerusalemu

Mukukula Yerusalemu artichoke, kusamalira ndikosavuta. Mutabzala tubers, malowo ayenera udzu munthawi yake, komanso nthaka yake nkumasulidwa. Mbewu zikafika pamtunda wa 0,3, zimafunikira manyowa. Izi zimachitika pofunika nthawi yonse yakukula. Ndipo kutalika kwa tsinde ndikofanana ndi 100 cm, kumapeto konse kwa mzere komwe mukufuna kukumba mizati, ndiye kuti pakati pawo muyenera kukoka waya pomwe amaukoka pulasitiki, imayikidwa molunjika. Kenako atenga chovala chamtchire kupita nacho, ichi chidzawapulumutsa ku kuvulazidwa ndi mphepo. Mapangidwe a masamba atayamba, ayenera kudulidwa, chifukwa, chomeracho sichitha mphamvu pakulima ndi kupanga zipatso. Pa chifukwa chomwechi, tchire liyenera kufupikitsidwa mpaka 150-200 cm.

Kuthirira

Zomera ziyenera kuthiriridwa kokha nthawi yayitali, ndi zidebe 1 mpaka 1.5 zamadzi pachomera chilichonse. Ngati mvula imagwa nthawi zonse mchilimwe, ndiye kuti simukufunikira kuthirira Yerusalemu artichoke konse.

Feteleza

Mukamakulitsa mbewu pamalo ake, feteleza ayenera kuthira dothi. Chapakatikati, pamene chiwembuchi chamasulidwa, feteleza wopukutira amalowetsedwa m'nthaka, kuphatikizapo potaziyamu ndi nayitrogeni. Panthawi yopanga masamba kuti adye, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Pakati pa nthawi yachilimwe, mwachitsanzo, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muphatikize kulowetsedwa kwa manyowa obiriwira kapena yankho lamadzi am'nyanja. Chaka chilichonse, feteleza wa mineral azithira nthaka, pomwe umuna wachilengedwe umachitika kamodzi pakatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.

Yerusalemu artichoke kuswana

Mwa alimi, njira yazomera yoberekera ndiyodziwika kwambiri: ma tubers, maso awo ndi magawo ake. Zambiri pazomwezi zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Ndikothekanso kukula chikhalidwe ichi kuchokera ku mbewu, koma kufalitsa mbewu kumatenga nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu, ndipo chidziwitso chapadera chidzafunika.

Yerusalemu artichoke kunyumba

Pakufikira gwiritsani ntchito zazikulu kapena zotungira ndi ngalande. Kuti mukulitse chikhalidwe chotere m'nyumba zamkati mumafunikira chimodzimodzi ngati dothi lotseguka. Koma pankhaniyi, Yerusalemu artichoke amayenera kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo.

Tizilombo ndi matenda a Yerusalemu artichoke

Matenda a artichoke ku Yerusalemu

Yerusalemu artichoke amalimbana ndi matenda. Koma nthawi zina amatha kukhudzidwa ndi alternariosis, chovunda choyera kapena powdery mildew.

Zola zowola

Sclerotiniosis (chovunda choyera) - chifukwa cha icho, mawonekedwe omwe amawoneka ngati nkhungu pamabowo, chifukwa cha izi tchire limadwala ndipo, matendawa akamakula, amakutidwa ndi zophuka zakuda kuyambira mkati. Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kumachitika kudzera m'nthaka. Zola zowola zimayamba kukhala ndi chinyezi chachikulu komanso kusintha kwadzuwa mwadzidzidzi. Tchire lonse lomwe lakhudzidwa liyenera kuchotsedwa m'nthaka ndikuwonongeka.

Alternariosis

Alternariosis - matendawa ndiofala, amathandizira kugonjetsedwa kwa mlengalenga. Malo amdima kapena amtundu wa bulauni omwe amakhala ndi masamba otumbulika achikaso amapangidwa pamtambo wa masamba. Popita nthawi, pakati pamitsempha ya masamba, masamba amakula, pomwe masamba amawuma limodzi ndi petioles. Kuti muchotse matenda otere, tchire liyenera kuthiridwa magazi kukonzekera, pomwe mankhwalawa akuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha pamwamba pa madigiri 18. Nthawi zina, chithandizo chimodzi chimakhala chokwanira, koma ndibwino kupopera mbewuzo patatha masiku 10-12.

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew - Yerusalemu atitchoku awonongeka mchaka chachiwiri chakumera, ndikutulutsa kwoyera koyera kumawonekera kutsogolo kwa masamba a masamba. Matendawa akamakula, zolembera zimasintha mtundu wake kukhala zofiirira kapena zapinki, ndipo masamba omwe amakhudzidwa amakhala osalimba. Matendawa akupanga mwachangu nyengo yotentha ndikusintha kwakuthwa mu kutentha ndi chinyezi, komanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni. Matendawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndikumwaza tchire ndi yankho la kukonzekera fungicidal, mwachitsanzo, Bayleton, Skor, Koma, Topaz, Kvadris, Pendeketsa, Topsin ndi njira zina.

Tizilombo ta Yerusalemu artichoke

Chikhalidwechi chimatha kuwonongeka ndi zimbalangondo, mavu ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tina. Pofuna kuteteza Yerusalemu artichoke ku slugs, zida zopangira anti-mucus ziyenera kuyikidwa pansi pamalowo.

Ngati pamalopo pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono monga May bugs, scoops kapena zimbalangondo tikazindikira, ndiye musanabzale Yerusalemu artichoke m'nthaka, amakumbidwa ndikuyambitsa Fox kapena Diazonon.

Kuyeretsa ndi kusungira Yerusalemu artichoke

Kusasinthika kwa Yerusalemu artichoke tubers sikosakwana masiku 120. Simufunikanso kuwafukula musanakonzekere, chifukwa pamenepa sangakhale ndi nthawi yoti apatsidwe phindu. Muyenera kuchotsa timadzu tachilimwe titangochotsa bwino dothi, kapena kugwa litayamba kumasula nthaka. Tubers, pokhala dothi lotseguka, limatha kupirira kutentha kwa mpweya kupitirira madigiri 40, koma nyengo yachisanu malowa amayenera kuponyedwa ndi chipale chofewa kapena nthaka youma. Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amakumba mu nthawi yophukira kuchuluka kwa ma tubers omwe akukwanira nthawi yonse yozizira, pomwe otsala amachotsedwa m'nthaka nthawi yamasika (sadzakhala olakwika panthawi yakusowa kwa vitamini). Komabe, zimayenera kuchotsedwa nyengo yadzuwa isanakhazikike, apo ayi timera tidzaphukira, ndipo ataya kukoma ndi kupindula, pomwe Yerusalemu artichoke adzakhala udzu chabe.

Tubers iyenera kusungidwa chimodzimodzi ndi mbewu zina za muzu, chifukwa zimayikidwa m'mabokosi ndikuwazidwa ndi mchenga. Asanasunge Yerusalemu artichoke kuti asungidwe m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, ayenera kutsukidwa ndikudikirira mpaka ziume bwino. Mabokosi okhala ndi Yerusalemu artichoke amathanso kusungidwa kuti asungidwe pa khonde lotsekedwa kapena loggia. Ngati ma tubers ndi ochepa, ndiye kuti amatha kusungidwa pa alumali a firiji, omwe amapangira masamba.

Zosiyanasiyana za Yerusalemu artichoke

Masiku ano, obereketsa akufuna kuyesa mitundu ya Yerusalemu artichoke, pomwe ma tubers m'nthaka adzayikidwa bwino, chifukwa mizu yomwe ili ndi timinofu tomwe timapangika imatha kukula mu kuya ndi kuya. Oberetsa adachita kale bwino. Amathandizanso kulima mitundu yamtundu wotere, momwe makulidwe azikhala okulirapo kuposa masiku onse. Ndipo akugwiranso ntchito kulima mitundu yosanja.

Mitundu yomwe ilipo lero imagawidwa mu tuber ndi zakudya. Mu zakudya zam'mapulogalamu obiriwira, osati zochuluka zomwe zimapangidwa, koma kukolola kwakukulu kwa wobiriwira kukukula. Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimidwa pamalonda. Komabe, zakudya zamtundu uliwonse ndi zamatumba zimagawidwa ndikukhwima kumayambiriro ndi mochedwa. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya artichoke ya ku Yerusalemu idzafotokozeredwe pansipa:

1. Chidwi. Mitundu ya mochedwa yomwe ikukula mofulumira imadziwika ndi zokolola, kudzipangitsa kukhala chinyezi komanso kukana kutentha ndi chisanu. Mphukira zolimba za sing'anga zodzikongoletsa ndizowoneka bwino ndi masamba obiriwira achikuda. Mizu yoyera yokhala ndi maso akuya. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima mafakitale kumadera omwe kumatentha.
2. Leningradsky. Mitundu ya mochedwa iyi imadziwika ndi zokolola zambiri. Chomera chimakhala ndi chitsamba komanso mphukira za mtundu wobiriwira. Masamba obiriwira obiriwira ndi osungika. Mitengo yoyera yoyera ndi yayikulu kukula. Amasungidwa bwino m'nthaka mpaka nthawi yachisanu ikayamba. Zosiyanasiyana zingabzalidwe kumpoto chakumadzulo.
3. Volzhsky 2. Mitundu yamphamvuyi imagonjetsedwa ndi chilala komanso chisanu. Tchire limakhala ndi mizu yolumikizana ndi mphukira zozungulira. Pamaso masamba obiriwira pamakhala pang'ono kupendekera. Masamba oyera okhala ndi peyala yokhala ndi tizidutswa tofiirira.
4. Kukhwima koyambirira. Mitundu yoyambirirayi imadziwika ndi zosachepera kuwala komanso kukana chisanu. Mizu yake ndi yaying'ono. Mphukira zamphamvu zolimba zimakhala ndi masamba okhala ndi masamba, omwe amadulidwa m'mphepete ndi mano akulu. White yosalala tubers imakhala yozungulira.
5. Pasko. Kumapeto kwa tchire lambiri kumatha kukhala zipatso zambiri. Tchire lolimba limakhala ndi mphukira zofooka mofooka, masamba akuluakulu ndi masamba ozunguliridwa amitundu yoyera, omwe amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 80.
6. Dzuwa. Mtundu wobiriwira kwambiri wobiriwira uno umakhala ndi zipatso zambiri, ndipo umatha kulimidwa m'dera lililonse. Zomera zocheperapo pang'ono zimakhala ndi mphukira zokulira ndi masamba akuluakulu. White tubers of sing'anga kukula ali ndi mulitali wamtundu mawonekedwe ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60.
7. Pezani. Mochedwa pang'ono, wokhala ndi zokolola. Mbale zazikulu zamasamba zimayikidwa pang'onopang'ono pa mphukira zopanda nthambi. Mizu yake ndi yaying'ono, ma tubers oyera ooneka ngati zipatso pafupi ndi maso ali ndi mitsempha yapinki. Zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa kuti zikalimbe kum'mwera.

Mitundu yotsatirayi ya artichoke ya ku Yerusalemu ndiyotchuka kwambiri pakati pa olima: Bely, Patat, Spindle woboola pakati, Vadim, Red, Omsk White ndi North Caucasus.

Katundu wa Yerusalemu artichoke: kuvulaza ndi kupindula

Mphamvu zakuchiritsa zaku Yerusalemu artichoke

Yerusalemu artichoke ali ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri osiyanasiyana. Ma Tubers amakhala ndi chitsulo chambiri kuposa ma turnips, kaloti ndi beets, pomwe 1 makilogalamu a ku Yerusalemu artichoke ali ndi mamilimita 60 mpaka 70 a carotene. Yerusalemu artichoke muli potaziyamu ndi calcium, chromium ndi fluorine, magnesium ndi manganese, silicon ndi sodium, mavitamini B1, B2, B6, B7, C, PP, komanso fiber, pectin, mafuta, mapuloteni, organic acid, analogue achilengedwe a insulin ndi amino acid arginine, valine, leicin ndi lysine.

Chomera ichi chitha kuthandizira ndi urolithiasis, madamu mchere, kuchepa magazi, kunenepa komanso kunenepa kwambiri. A decoction amakonzedwa kuchokera ku Yerusalemu artichoke, omwe amathandizira kuti zochitika za kapamba zikhale, komanso shuga yotsika.Anthu okhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu yokhala ndi vuto losakwanira chilengedwe amalimbikitsa kuti akatswiri amaphatikizira tubers ku Jerusalem artichoke muzakudya zawo, chifukwa zimakhala ndi inulin ndi fiber, zomwe zimathandiza kuyeretsa thupi la radionuclides, mchere wamchere wambiri, komanso cholesterol yowonjezera komanso poizoni. Akatswiri amalangizidwa kuti aziphatikiza ndi ma tubers a chomera chawo mu zakudya zotsatirazi:

• ndi matenda osiyanasiyana am'mimba;
• kuyeretsa thupi la poizoni;
• kuteteza ku matenda opatsirana ndi ma virus;
• kupewa matenda ashuga;
• kutsitsa magazi;
• kuwonjezera hemoglobin m'magazi.

Chomera ichi chimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa beets ndi nzimbe. Jerusalem artichoke tubers ndizopindulitsa kwambiri mukangokolola. Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti tubers imakhala zovulaza, makamaka kwa odwala matenda a shuga, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito fructose m'malo mwa shuga.

Chikhalidwe choterocho chimatha kuthetsa nseru, kuletsa kusanza, komanso zimathandizira kuthetsa kukoma kowawa pamlomo wamkamwa ndikusokoneza acidity yayikulu. Komabe, ma tubers oterewa amatha kuphatikizidwa muzakudya za amayi apakati, chifukwa amalemeretsa thupi la mwana wosabadwa ndi amayi ndi zinthu zofunikira. Ngati munthawi yamankhwala othandizira matenda osiyanasiyana amadya masamba a chomera chotere, ndiye kuti kuchira kumakhala kofulumira, izi ndichifukwa choti ku Yerusalemu artichoke amathandizira kulimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, komanso kuyeretsa thupi la poizoni. Ngati mumamwa madzi a chomera chotere, izi zikuthandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi am'mimba, kuthana ndi mutu wokhudzana ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso zimathandizira kuchiritsa zilonda ndi mabala mwachangu, ndikuthandizanso kuthana ndi vuto la matenda a duodenum ndi m'mimba, komanso vuto la polyarthritis . Mafuta a artichoke atangofika kumene ayenera kumwedwa katatu patsiku, ma milligram 15 kotala la ola limodzi asanadye.

Komabe chikhalidwe chotere chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu cosmetology. Yerusalemu artichoke amathandizira kuthetsa mkwiyo kapena kutupa kwa khungu, komanso amathandizira kuyeretsa pores ndi makwinya osalala. Kuti muchepetse khungu loyera, khosi ndi nkhope ziyenera kupukutidwa ndi msuzi wa mbewu iyi usiku. Kuchitira khungu mafuta, chigoba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakukonzekera komwe amagwiritsa ntchito Yerusalemu artichoke tuber yophwanyika grater ndi kuwonjezera kwa ½ tsp. wokondedwa. Chigoba chomwechi, kapangidwe kake komwe chikufotokozedwa pamwambapa, chimadyetsa khungu lowuma la nkhope, koma liyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi ½ tsp. mafuta a azitona. Pakatha theka la ola limodzi, muyenera kusamba nkhope yanu ndi tiyi wobiriwira wofunda, ndikatha mphindi 10. amapukuta ndi kiyibodi. Zochita zodzikongoletsera zimaphatikizapo 20 chithandizo.

Contraindication

Chikhalidwe ichi sichili ndi zotsutsana. Komabe, singagwiritsidwe ntchito tsankho payekha. Ngati pali ma tubers osaphika, ndiye kuti izi zitha kuthandiza kukulitsa chithunzithunzi, koma pakapita kanthawi matumbo azolowere. Pali nthawi zina pomwe izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti akatswiri amalangizidwa ngati pali ma tubers owiritsa kapena otentha. Muyenera kukumbukiranso kuti simungathe kudya kuchuluka kwa Yerusalemu artichoke panthawi.